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Food Substitutions From the barefoot foodie Substitutions are seperated by the (=) sign in most cases M Macaroni 1 lb. elbow = 8 to 9 cups cooked Macaroni See Pasta Mace = allspice = cloves = nutmeg (Optional. add cardamom) Mache See Lettuce Madeira = sherry = port Mango = peach with a little lemon and allspice Margarine = butter = shortening Note: See Butter entries. Margarine 1 lb. = 4 sticks 1 lb. = 2 cups 1 stick = 1/2 cup Marinade for Beef, Lamb, or Chicken 1 cup red wine or red wine vinegar for beef or lamb; 1 cup dry white wine for chicken 1 cup salad oil or olive oil or combination 2 cloves garlic 1 teaspoon black pepper, freshly ground 1/4 cup minced fresh parsley 1/2 teaspoon dried thyme 1/2 teaspoon dried marjoram 1 bay leaf Optional: 1 small onion, chopped 1 small carrot, chopped 2 allspice berries, whole 1 teaspoon salt 1/2 teaspoon dried rosemary Combine ingredients. Yields 2 1/2 to 3 cups. Marinade for Fish or Chicken 1 1/2 cups soy sauce 1 3/4 cups ketchup 1/4 cup dry red wine 2 tablespoons fresh grated ginger 2 tablespoons brown sugar 1 small onion, finely chopped juice of 1 lemon (2 to 3 tablespoons) dash of bottled hot sauce 2 cloves garlic, mashed Combine ingredients. Yields 4 1/4 cups. Marinade for Pork 1 1/2 cups dry white wine 3 tablespoons olive oil 1 small onion, chopped 1 bay leaf 2 whole cloves 1/2 teaspoon dried thyme Optional: 1 small carrot, chopped 2 allspice berries, whole 2 juniper berries, whole Combine ingredients. Yields 2 to 2 1/2 cups. Marjoram = oregano (use less) = thyme Marshmallows 1 large = 6 miniature 11 large = 1 cup Masa Harina = corn flour Mascarpone = cream cheese, whipped with a little butter and/or heavy cream See Cheese, Mascarpone Matsuke Mushrooms = morel mushrooms See Mushrooms Maui Onions See Onions, Sweet Mayonnaise = yogurt or sour cream, especially in small amounts and in dips (Optional. add lemon juice) Melon = papaya = mango Melon, Crenshaw = Spanish melon Melon, Honeydew = Casaba melon Mexican Mint Marigold = tarragon Milk, Evaporated = light cream or half and half = heavy cream milk, in baking = fruit juice plus 1/2 teaspoon baking soda added to the flour Milk, 1 cup = 1 cup light cream (Optional. delete up to 4 tablespoons shortening from recipe) = 1/2 cup evaporated milk plus 1/2 cup water = 1 cup skim milk (Optional. add 2 tablespoons shortening) = 3 tablespoons powdered milk plus 1 cup water (add 2 tablespoons butter if whole milk is required) = soy or nut milks, in recipes Millet = orzo (or other tiny pasta) = barley = quinoa Mineral water = club soda = seltzer Mint = mint or spearmint tea from tea bags or bulk tea = creme de menthe, in sweets Mirin = sweet sherry = sweet vermouth Mirliton See Chayote Molasses, in baking, 1 cup = 3/4 cup white or brown sugar plus 1/4 cup liquid Morel Mushrooms = matsuke mushrooms Mung Beans = split peas Mushrooms See Cepe, Cbanterelle, Matsuke, Morel, Oyster, Pied de Mouton, Porcini, Sbiitake Mushrooms, Fresh 1 lb. = 5 cups sliced 1 lb. = 12 ounces canned, drained Mustard, Dry, 1 teaspoon = 1 tablespoon prepared mustard from jar Mustard Greens See Lettuce See Greens Mustard, Hot Chinese = Coleman's English dry mustard, prepared with water Prepared Mustard 1 teaspoon dry mustard 1/2 teaspoon water 2 drops vinegar Combine well. Yields 1/2 tablespoon.
N Nectarines = peaches Noodles 1 lb. dried = 6 to 8 cups cooked Noodles See Pasta Nopal See Cactus Nutmeg = allspice = cloves = mace Nuts 1 lb. shelled = 4 cups nutmeats 1 lb. in shell = 12/3 cups nutmeats Nuts, in baking = bran = soy nuts, toasted and chopped Note: If less than 1/2 cup, can be omitted from recipe.
O Oil, for cooking, interchangeable: = canola oil = corn oil = light sesame oil = olive oil = peanut oil (adds some flavor) = rice bran oil = safflower oil = soy oil = vegetable oil Note: The burning temperatures of different oils, butter, and margarine vary. Oil, for salads, flavored = almond oil = Asian sesame or dark sesame oil (mix with an unflavored oil) = hazelnut oil = olive oil (use virgin) = walnut oil Oil, for salads, unflavored, interchangeable = avocado oil = canola oil = rice bran oil = safflower oil = soy oil Oil, for sauteing (not for deep-fat frying) = margarine or butter Oil, in baking, l tablespoon = 1 1/4 tablespoons butter = 1 1/4 tablespoons margarine = 1 tablespoon mayonnaise, in cake recipes Note: Use these substitutions only for small amounts, up to a few tablespoons. If substituting olive or other strong oils in baking, add a few drops of mint to mask the pungency; the baked goods will have a mint flavor. Okra = eggplant (although texture will be different) Onion 1 medium = 3/4 cup chopped Onion, White or yellow, 1 medium or 1/4 cup = red onion, not usually used for cooking = 1 tablespoon instant minced onion = 1/4 cup frozen chopped onion = 1 tablespoon onion powder = shallots (use more) = leeks = green onions (use more) Onion Powder See Onion, White or Yellow Onions, Sweet = Vidalia = Walla Walla = Maui = red, also called Italian red or purple = Bermuda = Spanish yellow Orange Peel = tangerine peel = marmalade = Grand Marnier = Curacao = Cointreau = lemon or lime peel Orange Peel, grated = equal amount of marmalade = equal amount of lemon or lime peel Note: If less than 1 tablespoon, can be omitted from recipe. Oranges 1 medium = 1/3 to 1/2 cup juice 1 medium = 1 to 2 tablespoons peel, grated Oregano = marjoram = rosemary = thyme, fresh Oyster Mushrooms = button or market mushrooms
P Pancake Syrup = fruit jelly, melted (add water to thin) Pancetta = lean bacon, cooked = prosciutto = thinly sliced ham Paprika = turmeric with red or cayenne pepper Parsley = chervil = tarragon Parsley Root = parsnip Parsnips = parsley root = carrots Passion Fruit = pomegranates with apricot and grapefruit = pomegranates Pasta, filled = agnolotti = ravioli = tortellini = cannelloni = manicotti Pasta, flat = noodles = fettuccine = linguine = tagliatelle Pasta, medium = rice noodles = spaghetti = soba (buck wheat) noodles = Oriental (ramen) noodles Pasta, miscellaneous shapes = farfalle ("butterflies") = mostaccioli ("little mustaches") = rotelle ("wheels") = rotini ("corkscrews") = ruote ("wagon wheels") = gnocchi (miniature potato dumplings) Pasta, thin = angel hair = bucatini = fedelini = vermicelli = fusilli = spaghettini = cappellini Pasta, tiny = orzo = pastini Pasta, tube = bocconcini = cannolicchi = ditali = macaroni = penne = rigatoni = ziti Pattypan Squash or Summer Squash = yellow crookneck squash = yellow straightneck squash = zucchini Peaches 1 lb. = 4 medium 1 lb. = 2 cups, sliced, peeled Peaches = nectarines = cantaloupe (in an ice, primarily) Peanut Butter = sesame paste = other nut butters Peanuts 1 lb. shelled = 21/4 cups Pear Apple See Asian Pears Pears = Asian pears = apples Peas 1 lb. in pod = 1 cup shelled Pecans 1 lb. shelled = 3 to 4 cups nutmeats Pecans Walnuts, in small amounts Pepper See Black Pepper, Cayenne Pepper, Hot Red Pepper, Red Pepper Peppercorns See Black Peppercorns, White Peppercorns Pepperoni = sausage, cooked = salami Peppers See Chile or Chili Peppers, Green Peppers, Red Peppers, Yellow Peppers Pesto 2 cups fresh basil leaves, washed and thoroughly dried 2 cloves garlic 1/2 cup olive oil 1 cup freshly grated Parmesan or Romano cheese Optional: 1/2 cup toasted pine nuts or shelled walnuts Process in a blender or food processor until smooth. Serve at room temperature. Yields 2 cups. Pickling Spice 4 3-inch cinnamon sticks 1 1-inch piece dried ginger root 2 tablespoons mustard seed 2 teaspoons whole allspice 2 teaspoons black peppercorns 2 teaspoons whole cloves 2 teaspoons dill seed 2 teaspoons coriander seed 2 teaspoons whole mace, crumbled 8 bay leaves, crumbled 1 whole 1 1/2-inch dried red pepper, chopped Combine ingredients. Yields z/3 cup. Pied de Mouton or Hedgehog Mushrooms = chanterelles Pie Spice, Pumpkin or Apple 1/2 teaspoon cinnamon 1/4 teaspoon nutmeg 1/8 teaspoon allspice 1/8 teaspoon cardamom 1/4 teaspoon ground cloves Combine spices. Yields enough for one 9-inch pie. Pimento = sweet red peppers, roasted and peeled Pineapple guava See Guava Pine Nuts or Pignoli = chopped walnuts for pesto and other Mediterranean-type recipes = blanched, peeled, slivered almonds Pink Beans = pinto beans = red beans = kidney beans (these are larger) Pinto Beans = pink beans = red beans = kidney beans (these are larger) Pita Bread = flour tortillas Polenta = cornmeal = grits Ponzu Sauce 2 parts soy sauce 1 part lemon juice Combine. Porcini Mushroom = shiitake mushrooms = cepe or boletus mushrooms Pork, ground = sausage meat (omit salt and other spices from recipe) Pork Fat, fresh = salt pork, boiled briefly (omit salt from recipe) = unsmoked bacon, boiled briefly (omit salt from recipe) Port = Madeira = sherry Potatoes 1 lb. = 3 medium 1 lb. = 3 cups sliced 1 lb. = 2 1/4 cups cooked 1 lb. = 1 3/4 cups mashed Poultry Seasoning 2 tablespoons dried marjoram 2 tablespoons dried savory 2 teaspoons dried parsley 1 tablespoon dried sage 1 1/2 teaspoons dried thyme Combine. Yields 1/3 cup. Prawns = shrimp Prosciutto = smoked ham Prunes = dates = raisins = dried apricots Note: If less than 1/4 cup, can be omitted from recipe. Pumpkin = acorn squash = butternut squash Prunes 1 lb. = 21/4 cups pitted
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